What does Socrates mean by this statement?"When my sons grow up, visit them with punishment, my friends, and vex them in the same way that I have...

What Socrates is saying in this line is that people should
care about virtue more than anything else.  He is expressing this by telling the
audience that he would want them to really come down on his sons if they seemed to think
that it was more important to be rich than to be
good.

Socrates's whole purpose was to try to teach people
what virtue and wisdom were.  He went around teaching in ways that upset people because
he seemed to be questioning their values.  When Socrates speaks the line you are asking
about, he is about to be executed for doing this.  He is saying one last time that he
really thinks that virtue is the most important thing and that he hopes people will do
for his kids the same thing (pushing them to be virtuous) that he was trying to do for
the people of Athens.