What is the definition of all the different parts of speech, and what is their function?I know this may sound like a simple question, but I'm going...

A VERB is a state of being or
an action. Some examples of verbs include play, defend, go, sing, is, are,
have and do.

A
NOUN is an object, meaning a person, place, thing or idea.
Examples include Rachel, boy, school, store, ball, groceries, and
loyalty.

An
ADJECTIVE is a word that describes a noun. Usually these
word describes nouns in terms of texture, color, size, quantity among other descriptors.
Some examples are fuzzy, funny, freezing, foiled, red, and
13.

An ARTICLE
introduces a noun. The most typically use are the, a
and an.

The
SUBJECT is the actor of the sentence. An
OBJECT can either receive the action of the subject, or it
can be acted on:

Rachel kicked me the
ball.

Rachel is the subject. Me and
ball are both objects.

A
PREFIX is a fixture for the beginning of a word that adds
meaning. Some examples include un-, re-, dis-, and
non-.

A SUFFIX
is a fixture to the end of a word that adds meaning. Some examples
include: -tion, -ness, -less, -ed.